• Ahold average pre-tax profit margin for 2023 was 3.2%, a 11.36% decline from 2022.
• Ahold average pre-tax profit margin for 2022 was 3.61%, a 37.79% decline from 2021.
• Ahold average pre-tax profit margin for 2021 was 2.62%, a 20.12% increase from 2020.

Pre-tax profit margin can be defined as earnings before taxes as a portion of total revenue.