• Rakuten average ebit margin for 2023 was -13.32%, a 24.87% decline from 2022.
• Rakuten average ebit margin for 2022 was -17.73%, a 84.69% decline from 2021.
• Rakuten average ebit margin for 2021 was -9.6%, a 69.31% increase from 2020.

Ebit margin can be defined as earnings before interest and taxes as a portion of total revenues