• Rakuten average ebitda margin for 2023 was 2.78%, a 145.28% increase from 2022.
• Rakuten average ebitda margin for 2022 was -6.14%, a 629.31% decline from 2021.
• Rakuten average ebitda margin for 2021 was 1.16%, a 69.15% decline from 2020.

Ebitda margin can be defined as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization as a portion of total revenue.