• Rakuten average net profit margin for 2023 was -16.82%, a 11.39% decline from 2022.
• Rakuten average net profit margin for 2022 was -15.1%, a 83.92% increase from 2021.
• Rakuten average net profit margin for 2021 was -8.21%, a 15.01% increase from 2020.

Net profit margin can be defined as net Income as a portion of total sales revenue.