• Rakuten average pre-tax profit margin for 2023 was -14.48%, a 29.02% decline from 2022.
• Rakuten average pre-tax profit margin for 2022 was -20.4%, a 94.1% decline from 2021.
• Rakuten average pre-tax profit margin for 2021 was -10.51%, a 16.85% increase from 2020.

Pre-tax profit margin can be defined as earnings before taxes as a portion of total revenue.