• Vivendi SA average return on tangible equity for 2016 was 20.9, a 48.15% increase from 2015.
• Vivendi SA average return on tangible equity for 2015 was 40.31, a 78.51% decline from 2014.
• Vivendi SA average return on tangible equity for 2014 was 187.54, a 2963.21% decline from 2013.

Return on tangible equity can be defined as the amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders equity, after subtracting intangible assets, goodwill and preferred equity.