• Spotify Technology average operating margin for 2023 was -5.48%, a 125.51% decline from 2022.
• Spotify Technology average operating margin for 2022 was -2.43%, a 242.25% increase from 2021.
• Spotify Technology average operating margin for 2021 was -0.71%, a 74.37% increase from 2020.

Operating margin can be defined as operating margin measurement of what proportion of a company's revenue is left over after paying for variable costs of production such as wages, raw materials, etc.