• Rakuten average return on investment for 2023 was -5.77, a 4.53% decline from 2022.
• Rakuten average return on investment for 2022 was -5.52, a 44.88% increase from 2021.
• Rakuten average return on investment for 2021 was -3.81, a 26.16% increase from 2020.

Roi - return on investment can be defined as an indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its assets invested by shareholders and long-term bond holders. Calculated by dividing a company's operating earnings by its long-term debt and shareholders equity.