• Rakuten average return on equity for 2023 was -34.57, a 32.86% decline from 2022.
• Rakuten average return on equity for 2022 was -26.02, a 75.69% increase from 2021.
• Rakuten average return on equity for 2021 was -14.81, a 19.42% increase from 2020.

Roe - return on equity can be defined as the amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders equity. Return on equity measures a corporation's profitability by revealing how much profit a company generates with the money shareholders have invested.