• Randstad Holding average gross margin for 2023 was 20.84%, a 0.97% decline from 2022.
• Randstad Holding average gross margin for 2022 was 20.64%, a 6.5% increase from 2021.
• Randstad Holding average gross margin for 2021 was 19.38%, a 0.05% increase from 2020.

Gross margin can be defined as a company's total sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold, divided by the total sales revenue, expressed as a percentage.