• Duolingo average pre-tax profit margin for 2023 was -4.61%, a 76.62% decline from 2022.
• Duolingo average pre-tax profit margin for 2022 was -19.72%, a 8.17% decline from 2021.
• Duolingo average pre-tax profit margin for 2021 was -18.23%, a 95.6% increase from 2020.

Pre-tax profit margin can be defined as earnings before taxes as a portion of total revenue.