• Ball average pre-tax profit margin for 2023 was 4.93%, a 28.45% increase from 2022.
• Ball average pre-tax profit margin for 2022 was 6.89%, a 8.13% decline from 2021.
• Ball average pre-tax profit margin for 2021 was 7.5%, a 58.56% decline from 2020.

Pre-tax profit margin can be defined as earnings before taxes as a portion of total revenue.