• Ball average gross margin for 2023 was 17.55%, a 3.2% increase from 2022.
• Ball average gross margin for 2022 was 18.13%, a 11.08% decline from 2021.
• Ball average gross margin for 2021 was 20.39%, a 0.63% decline from 2020.

Gross margin can be defined as a company's total sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold, divided by the total sales revenue, expressed as a percentage.