• Crown Holdings average gross margin for 2023 was 15%, a 1.38% increase from 2022.
• Crown Holdings average gross margin for 2022 was 15.21%, a 14.84% decline from 2021.
• Crown Holdings average gross margin for 2021 was 17.86%, a 8.64% decline from 2020.

Gross margin can be defined as a company's total sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold, divided by the total sales revenue, expressed as a percentage.