• Air China average gross margin for 2023 was -18.41%, a 16.28% decline from 2022.
• Air China average gross margin for 2022 was -21.99%, a 1008.68% decline from 2021.
• Air China average gross margin for 2021 was 2.42%, a 83.48% decline from 2020.

Gross margin can be defined as a company's total sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold, divided by the total sales revenue, expressed as a percentage.