• Vivendi SA average gross margin for 2016 was 38.27%, a 0.23% increase from 2015.
• Vivendi SA average gross margin for 2015 was 38.36%, a 2.59% decline from 2014.
• Vivendi SA average gross margin for 2014 was 37.39%, a 19.47% increase from 2013.

Gross margin can be defined as a company's total sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold, divided by the total sales revenue, expressed as a percentage.