• Novartis AG average gross margin for 2023 was 74.18%, a 3.91% increase from 2022.
• Novartis AG average gross margin for 2022 was 71.39%, a 2.18% increase from 2021.
• Novartis AG average gross margin for 2021 was 69.87%, a 0.81% increase from 2020.

Gross margin can be defined as a company's total sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold, divided by the total sales revenue, expressed as a percentage.