• Kion Group average pre-tax profit margin for 2023 was 2.43%, a 38.01% increase from 2022.
• Kion Group average pre-tax profit margin for 2022 was 3.92%, a 39.41% decline from 2021.
• Kion Group average pre-tax profit margin for 2021 was 6.47%, a 20.71% decline from 2020.

Pre-tax profit margin can be defined as earnings before taxes as a portion of total revenue.