• Kellanova average pre-tax profit margin for 2023 was 5.75%, a 45.81% increase from 2022.
• Kellanova average pre-tax profit margin for 2022 was 10.61%, a 11.58% decline from 2021.
• Kellanova average pre-tax profit margin for 2021 was 12%, a 7.53% decline from 2020.

Pre-tax profit margin can be defined as earnings before taxes as a portion of total revenue.