• JD average operating margin for 2023 was 2.52%, a 121.05% increase from 2022.
• JD average operating margin for 2022 was 1.14%, a 34.12% increase from 2021.
• JD average operating margin for 2021 was 0.85%, a 52.25% increase from 2020.

Operating margin can be defined as operating margin measurement of what proportion of a company's revenue is left over after paying for variable costs of production such as wages, raw materials, etc.