• Hitachi average pre-tax profit margin for 2023 was 7.24%, a 2.03% increase from 2022.
• Hitachi average pre-tax profit margin for 2022 was 7.39%, a 11.81% decline from 2021.
• Hitachi average pre-tax profit margin for 2021 was 8.38%, a 97.18% decline from 2020.

Pre-tax profit margin can be defined as earnings before taxes as a portion of total revenue.