• South32 average debt/equity ratio for 2023 was 0.15, a 15.38% decline from 2022.
• South32 average debt/equity ratio for 2022 was 0.13, a 44.44% increase from 2021.
• South32 average debt/equity ratio for 2021 was 0.09, a 28.57% increase from 2020.

Debt/equity ratio can be defined as a measure of a company's financial leverage calculated by dividing its long-term debt by stockholders' equity.