• MDU Resources average gross margin for 2023 was 79.63%, a 1.74% increase from 2022.
• MDU Resources average gross margin for 2022 was 78.27%, a 12.61% increase from 2021.
• MDU Resources average gross margin for 2021 was 89.56%, a 1.98% decline from 2020.

Gross margin can be defined as a company's total sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold, divided by the total sales revenue, expressed as a percentage.