• Jardine Matheson Holdings average debt/equity ratio for 2023 was 0.2, a 13.04% increase from 2022.
• Jardine Matheson Holdings average debt/equity ratio for 2022 was 0.23, a 4.55% decline from 2021.
• Jardine Matheson Holdings average debt/equity ratio for 2021 was 0.22, a 29.41% increase from 2020.

Debt/equity ratio can be defined as a measure of a company's financial leverage calculated by dividing its long-term debt by stockholders' equity.