• Cooper average gross margin for 2023 was 65.1%, a 0.91% increase from 2022.
• Cooper average gross margin for 2022 was 65.7%, a 0.72% decline from 2021.
• Cooper average gross margin for 2021 was 65.23%, a 0.87% increase from 2020.

Gross margin can be defined as a company's total sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold, divided by the total sales revenue, expressed as a percentage.