• Bank Hapoalim average gross margin for 2023 was 62.27%, a 24.4% decline from 2022.
• Bank Hapoalim average gross margin for 2022 was 82.37%, a 7.1% decline from 2021.
• Bank Hapoalim average gross margin for 2021 was 88.67%, a 0.27% decline from 2020.

Gross margin can be defined as a company's total sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold, divided by the total sales revenue, expressed as a percentage.