• Air China average return on tangible equity for 2023 was -33.25, a 17.28% increase from 2022.
• Air China average return on tangible equity for 2022 was -28.35, a 189.58% increase from 2021.
• Air China average return on tangible equity for 2021 was -9.79, a 404.98% increase from 2020.

Return on tangible equity can be defined as the amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders equity, after subtracting intangible assets, goodwill and preferred equity.