• Alcoa average pre-tax profit margin for 2023 was -6.52%, a 163.49% decline from 2022.
• Alcoa average pre-tax profit margin for 2022 was 10.27%, a 27.58% decline from 2021.
• Alcoa average pre-tax profit margin for 2021 was 8.05%, a 683.33% increase from 2020.

Pre-tax profit margin can be defined as earnings before taxes as a portion of total revenue.