• CaixaBank, S.A average debt/equity ratio for 2023 was 1.56, a 1.3% decline from 2022.
• CaixaBank, S.A average debt/equity ratio for 2022 was 1.54, a 102.63% increase from 2021.
• CaixaBank, S.A average debt/equity ratio for 2021 was 0.76, a 46.48% increase from 2020.

Debt/equity ratio can be defined as a measure of a company's financial leverage calculated by dividing its long-term debt by stockholders' equity.